Al Frescos Determination of Marketing and Promotional Mix

Al Frescos Determination of Marketing and Promotional Mix Marketing and promotional mix determination is an integral part of the branding and brand promotion initiative of a company. based on such assertions, Al Fresco too underwent a crucial decision making process of choosing the right promotional campaign that would be appropriate for the strategic initiative of the company as well as fit the advertising budget of the company.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Al Frescos Determination of Marketing and Promotional Mix specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Al Fresco has a limited marketing budget of $185,000 for 2006 and decision has to be made as to which is the right method of communicating to the right target customer at the lowest possible cost. The paper describes what were the contexts that were constraint to make a logical choice, the mathematics involved in the decision making process, and the intuitive reasoning behind the final choice. The marketing campaigns that are b eing opted as options for the campaign of 2006 are buzz campaign, trade advertisement, price-oriented promotions, magazine advertisement, and status quo. The first option was buzz campaign that was used in the previous year but provided unexpected results for the supermarkets. The campaign that was earlier used by the company was buzz campaign that would cost the company approximately $73,000. It is believed by the marketing team of Al Fresco that using this campaign will effectively increase the sales by $95,760 on a pessimistic level and $119,700 optimistically. However, buzz campaign if used in 2006, will cover areas that were not campaigned in the previous year. However, on other side of this campaign is that the sales executives of the company were apprehensive regarding the reaction of the supermarket buyers who were not happy with the untraditional market campaign and felt that it did not help in long-term brand building. The second campaign alternative with Al Fresco was tra de advertisements, which would cost around $80,000 to the company. In this the target were shifted to the supermarket executives and buyers. It could make an impact on food retailing decision makers by telling them about the brand’s sales and profit potential. Targeting the supermarket executives would help the company increase its shelf space as well as brand awareness. The only problem that the marketers faced in this respect is that Al Fresco was not actually a developed brand and therefore did not have much to offer as a brand. This promotion option has the virtue of gaining greater credibility from the supermarket executives. The third option is price-oriented promotion that has been a request from the sales force. This increases the attractiveness of the product for the price-oriented customers, and influences, to a great extent, the buying decision of supermarket purchasers.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, competitors use a more expensive option, this form of advertising campaign also. The fourth alternative is a less expensive magazine advertising campaign. In this Al Fresco can advertise its products in magazines like Better Homes and Gardens, Food and Wine, and/or Cooking Light. There are effectively three options – full page, half page, or quarter page colored advertisement. The demographics readers of these magazines are similar to the target market of Al Fresco. However, one disadvantage of the campaign is that consumers have to be exposed to the advertisement at least two or three times for it to become effective. The fifth option was status quo wherein the company would not adopt any marketing. This is a risky choice given that Al Fresco was operating in a market that was growing. Given these options for marketing, the next stage was to determine which the right marketing campaign was for the company that would give the best possible results. The aim of the marketers was to adopt a campaign that would be most cost effective and would help in strategic implementation, would allow strongest reach to the target market and consumers, address all the concerns of the sales executives, and develop goodwill with the supermarket executives and retailers. Given these constraints, the marketing campaign that was chosen for 2006 is a combination campaign of price promotions and publishing magazine advertisements and delivers the best possible results. This campaign was expected to deliver the required target sales, fit the advertising budget, and retain financial backup in the advertising fund to be used if need be. The rationale behind adopting these campaigns were mainly to address the concerns of the sales executives as it was believed that price promotion was the most effective campaign nationwide and advertisement in magazine was chosen for its cost effectiveness. Price promotion was to he lp target the price-sensitive consumers and help the brand building process that would increase shelf space for the products. This would enhance retail relationship of the company. These efforts will help to push product and build consumer recognition because of the promotional efforts to grow demand. The second campaign strategy employed was advertising in magazines. The option adopted by the company was to advertise in Cooking Light and Food and Wine that provide cheaper advertising options and helps the company to educate and communicate to consumers at a different level. Using both the price promotion and advertising in magazines helps the company to best utilize the budget resources, investment cost efficiently, allows best possible communication of the brand and product to the target market, provides solutions to the concerns of the sales executives, and build goodwill and growth in retailer relations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Al Frescos Deter mination of Marketing and Promotional Mix specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The third stage that has to be considered is the implementation and control of the promotional campaigns. Proper implementation of the price promotion strategy would allow the brand to gain greater shelf space and in-store presence due to higher demand from the consumers. This would allow greater ease of availability of the products to the consumers. Further, coupons provided through magazine advertisements, direct mails, online or physically on product package would generate consumer interest in the product. This will also educate the consumers regarding where to find the products. The implementation in the magazine advertisement would be done through advertisements done in two magazines Cooking Light and Food and Wine that has a viewership of 2,600,000 people. The company would place four colored advertisements in Cooking Light and a half page advertisement in Food and Wine. The cost would be $57,840 and $19,882.50 respectively. Post advertisement campaigns are implemented the final stage and the most important stage would be monitoring the response from these advertisements. Al Fresco must will monitor and evaluate sales and market share after initial implementation of chosen marketing initiatives to review if drastic market share is lost. Further, the marketers must keep track on the return on investment of these campaigns and see if there is positive or negative return. If either of the campaigns is found to generate negative return, the company will have to adopt a more aggressive approach to marketing. One move could be lowering the process of the product, as the gross margin is 44.6 percent, in order to create greater awareness among customers and increase sales volume. Another would be to promote the products more visibly at the retailers’ location. In the present campaign adopted, there is an expected surplus of budget of $12,27 7.50 that could be utilized fro emergency situations.

Historical ACT Percentiles for 2010, 2009, and 2008

Historical ACT Percentiles for 2010, 2009, and 2008 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you just took the ACT or if you took the ACT in 2008-2010, you might be curious as to how your percentile score compares to students with the same scaled score in other years?In this guide, I'll explain what percentiles are, how they work onthe ACT, and why they matter (even the older ones). I'll also give you ACT percentile charts for 20-2014, so you can see how your scores stack up against historical ones. What Is an ACTPercentile Score? Before I get started,I need todefine what an ACT percentile actually is.An ACT percentile score is NOT the same as a percentage score you receive on school quiz (for example, when you score 91% on your Physics test that means you answered 91% of questions correctly). Instead, an ACT percentile score tells you how your scaled score compared to that of other test-takers. More specifically, the percentile is an approximation by the ACT of how many recent US high school graduates took the SAT and scored at or below your score. A percentile score makes your scaled score easier to comprehend since it’s on a vague scale (1-36). As an example, if you have a 30th percentile score, you scored higher than 30% of ACT test-takers. If you have an 84th percentile score, you scored higher than 84% of test-takers.The higher your percentile score is, the better you compared to others who took that ACT. If you took an in-class test, you could have a high test score (such as 95%) and have a relatively low percentile score (17th) if the test was very easy for your class (83% of the classscored above 95% on that test). On the other hand, you could have a low test score (such as 35%) and have a relatively high percentile score (88%) if the test was very hard for your class(only 12% of the class scored above 35%). On the ACT, percentile shifts tend not to be as extreme as this example since the ACT is equalized, but I’ll discuss this more in depth later on.Nonetheless,ACT percentiles are helpful for understanding your scaled scores, since percentiles allow youto determine where you fall in comparison to other test-takers. Do ACT Percentiles Change Over Time? For a specific scaled ACT score, the score percentile stays about the same from year to year (typically within 2-3%). If you don’t know how your ACT scaled score (1-36) is calculated, learn how to calculate ACT score before reading further. There are only minuscule percentile changes for a specific scaled score from year to year because the ACT is equalized specifically to ensure the same curve every test date.To show the slight variation in percentile for a specific score, a scaled score of 18 was the 33rd percentile in 2008, but it was the 34th percentile in 2009 and the 35th percentile in 2010.However, a score of 33 had the same percentile for 2008-2010, 99th percentile. What does it mean for percentiles for each scaled score to remain aboutthe same from year to year?As I said above, the ACT attempts to keep score distributions the same from year to year so that the same scaled score means the same across different years.That way, a 33 means you scored better than 99% of test-takers in 2008-2010 (and any other year). What this means for you is that no one test date (or test year) is better (or easier) than another.All test dates are equalized to make sure there is a similar score distribution. Why Care About ACT Score Percentiles? EspeciallyPercentiles From Other Years? You should care about your ACT score percentile because it helps college admissions officers compare your scaled score to those of other applicants.Admissions officers need percentile scores to have a sense of how you compare to students across the country. If they just saw your scaled score without any other information, they wouldn’t have any sense of what makes a good ACT scaled score and what makes a bad one. For instance, if you’d received a 33 composite score and an admissions office didn’t know the score percentile, they might judge that asa quiz grade and think if you scored 33 out of 36, then you got a 92% or A-, good but not great. Instead, since they have score percentiles, admissions offices know a 33 is a 99th percentile score, meaning you scored better than 99% of test-takers, which is excellent. Percentile scores allow college admissions offices to have an understanding of how test-takers do on the ACT and how you stack up to the rest of test-takers. But why should you care about percentiles from other years? Because you’re submitting your college apps at the same time as students who took the ACT in other years.Although you may have taken the ACT in 2009 as a junior in high school, other students might have waited to take the ACT until 2010 as seniors in high school.This doesn’t change the fact that you’re all still applying to college the same year. While you and your friend, who took the test in 2010, both received a composite scaled score of 30. Your percentile score was 96 while his was 95. What this means is your 30 is slightly better than his 30. You scored better than 96% of test-takers while he only scored better than 95% of test-takers. Comparing percentiles for a specific scaled score across different years is a useful tool to understand how you compare to other applicants who took the ACT a different year. While ACT percentile scores are important, knowing how you fall in the ACT score ranges for your target colleges is much more important.If you don’t know what a college’s ACT score range is, the quick explanation is it’s the range in which the middle 50% of admitted students’ ACT scores fall.I.E., Yale’s ACT score range is 31-35.This means 25% of admitted Yale students scored below a 31, and 75% scored at or below a 35. Schools mostly use their score ranges when making admissions decisions. As a result, no matter your percentile score, you’ll want your ACT composite scaled score to be at or above the 75th percentile (for example, 35 for Yale) to give yourself the best shot of getting in. To locate the ACT score ranges for your dream colleges, search â€Å"[College Name] ACT Scores Prepscholar† in Google.For an in-depth explanation of score range, including how to calculate your target score, read our guide to good and bad ACT scores. The reasons schools care about their score range over your score percentile are: Their score range is typically a part of the evaluation for college ranking list, so schools want to admit students with higher scaled scores so that the school will be ranked higher. Schools publish their scaled score range every year, so the higher the range, the more impressive it seems to the general public. While ACT score percentiles are important, your overall ACT composite score is the number that is most significant in your college application. ACT Percentiles for 2008-2010 Here I’ve created a table showing the ACT score percentiles from 2008-2010 for each composite scaled score. I used data provided by the ACT to assemble this chart and the charts below (for the percentiles for individual sections). Remember, the percentile score is the percentage of test-takers who scored at or below that scaled score. I.E. below, in 2008, if your composite score was a 32, you scored better than 99% of test-takers: ACT Scaled Score 2008 Percentile 2009 Percentile 2010 Percentile ACT Scaled Score 36 100 100 100 36 35 100 100 100 35 34 100 100 100 34 33 99 99 99 33 32 99 98 98 32 31 97 97 97 31 30 96 96 95 30 29 94 93 93 29 28 91 91 91 28 27 88 88 88 27 26 84 84 84 26 25 80 79 79 25 24 75 74 74 24 23 69 69 68 23 22 62 62 62 22 21 55 56 55 21 20 48 48 48 20 19 40 41 41 19 18 33 34 35 18 17 26 27 28 17 16 20 21 22 16 15 14 15 16 15 14 9 10 14 13 5 5 7 13 12 2 2 3 12 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 10 9 1 1 1 9 8 1 1 1 8 7 1 1 1 7 6 1 1 1 6 5 1 1 1 5 4 1 1 1 4 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 ACT English Historical Percentiles for 2008-2010 Here I’ve created a table showing the ACT percentiles from 2008-2010 for each English scaled score. ACT Scaled Score 2008 Percentile 2009 Percentile 2010 Percentile ACT Scaled Score 36 100 100 100 36 35 100 100 100 35 34 99 99 99 34 33 97 97 97 33 32 96 96 96 32 31 95 95 95 31 30 93 93 93 30 29 91 91 91 29 28 89 88 88 28 27 86 86 85 27 26 83 83 82 26 25 79 79 78 25 24 74 74 73 24 23 69 69 68 23 22 64 63 63 22 21 58 57 57 21 20 50 50 50 20 19 42 43 43 19 18 37 37 38 18 17 32 33 34 17 16 27 28 29 16 15 22 23 24 15 14 16 17 19 14 13 12 14 15 13 12 9 12 12 7 8 9 10 5 5 6 10 9 3 3 4 9 8 2 2 2 8 7 1 1 1 7 6 1 1 1 6 5 1 1 1 5 4 1 1 1 4 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 ACT Math Historical Percentiles for 2008-2010 Here I’ve created a table showing the ACTscore percentiles from 2008-2010 for each Math scaled score. ACT Scaled Score 2008 Percentile 2009 Percentile 2010 Percentile ACT Scaled Score 36 100 100 100 36 35 100 100 100 35 34 99 99 99 34 33 98 98 98 33 32 97 97 97 32 31 96 96 96 31 30 95 94 95 30 29 93 93 93 29 28 91 91 91 28 27 87 88 88 27 26 83 84 84 26 25 79 79 79 25 24 73 74 74 24 23 67 68 68 23 22 62 62 62 22 21 57 58 57 21 20 52 52 52 20 19 47 47 47 19 18 41 41 42 18 17 33 35 35 17 16 24 25 26 16 15 14 14 14 15 14 6 6 6 14 13 2 2 2 13 12 1 1 1 12 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 10 9 1 1 1 9 8 1 1 1 8 7 1 1 1 7 6 1 1 1 6 5 1 1 1 5 4 1 1 1 4 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 ACT Reading Historical Percentiles for 2008-2010 Here I’ve created a table showing the ACT score percentiles from 2008-2010 for each Reading scaled score. ACT Scaled Score 2008 Percentile 2009 Percentile 2010 Percentile ACT Scaled Score 36 100 100 100 36 35 99 99 99 35 34 98 99 99 34 33 97 97 97 33 32 96 95 95 32 31 94 93 93 31 30 91 90 91 30 29 88 87 88 29 28 85 84 85 28 27 81 81 82 27 26 78 78 78 26 25 74 74 75 25 24 70 71 70 24 23 65 66 66 23 22 58 60 60 22 21 53 55 54 21 20 47 47 48 20 19 41 41 41 19 18 34 35 36 18 17 30 31 31 17 16 24 25 25 16 15 19 19 20 15 14 14 14 15 14 13 9 9 13 12 5 6 7 12 3 3 4 10 1 1 2 10 9 1 1 1 9 8 1 1 1 8 7 1 1 1 7 6 1 1 1 6 5 1 1 1 5 4 1 1 1 4 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 ACT Science Score Historical Percentiles for 2008-2010 Here I’ve created a table showing the ACT percentiles from 2008-2010 for each Science scaled score. ACT Scaled Score 2008 Percentile 2009 Percentile 2010 Percentile ACT Scaled Score 36 100 100 100 36 35 100 100 100 35 34 99 99 99 34 33 99 99 99 33 32 98 98 98 32 31 97 98 98 31 30 97 96 96 30 29 95 95 95 29 28 94 93 93 28 27 92 91 91 27 26 89 89 87 26 25 85 84 84 25 24 78 77 77 24 23 72 72 71 23 22 65 64 63 22 21 56 57 56 21 20 49 49 47 20 19 39 38 38 19 18 30 30 31 18 17 23 23 24 17 16 18 19 19 16 15 13 14 14 15 14 10 10 14 13 7 7 8 13 12 5 5 5 12 3 3 3 10 1 1 2 10 9 1 1 1 9 8 1 1 1 8 7 1 1 1 7 6 1 1 1 6 5 1 1 1 5 4 1 1 1 4 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 What’s Next? Learn more about the ACT and college application process: What's a Good ACT Score for Your College? ACT Practice Tests: 20-Hour Prep Program Low ACT Scores: What Should You Do? Disappointed with your ACT scores? Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Dora Seigel About the Author As an SAT/ACT tutor, Dora has guided many students to test prep success. She loves watching students succeed and is committed to helping you get there. Dora received a full-tuition merit based scholarship to University of Southern California. She graduated magna cum laude and scored in the 99th percentile on the ACT. She is also passionate about acting, writing, and photography. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Employment and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Employment and Society - Essay Example In such a case, an employees’ place of work ceases to exist resulting in a redundancy. There exists a discrepancy between the first cause and the second, as the first case involves an overall shut down of business while the second involves only the place of work for the worker and not both employer and employee. Redundancies also occur when an employer eliminates the work or duties that an employee carries out entirely. In this case, the role an employee plays in a business ceases to exist leading to their dismissal as there is nothing for the said employee to do. In addition, reductions lead to redundancies in an attempt to cut back on the number of employees on any given business. In this regard, the number of people carrying out a given duty gets reduced but not eliminated altogether. However, redundancies in any given business should be avoided as it affects parties involved, employers and employees. This can be attempted by utilizing a wide range of means that do not affect both parties directly but work gradually. One way to cut redundancies is through the process of natural wastage. This is a case where an employee decides to leave their jobs of their own accord and not because the employer would like them to quit. In such cases, the employee may decide to retire or switch jobs to one that they feel better suited. Furthermore, recruitment freezes work well in avoiding such situations. This is by failing to recruit or enrol new workers into a business, thus cutting the risk of redundancies. In addition, an organization may choose to stop or reduce overtime or offer early retirement to volunteers; however, retirement options may be open to age discrimination issues. Retraining, redeployment and provision of sabbaticals and secondments to existing employees also serve to cut redundancies. Sabbaticals in this case refer to employees taking time off and seeking alternative employment while receiving an allowance from the employer. Other

Manage Quality Customer Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Manage Quality Customer Service - Essay Example The customer service program focuses on enhancing quality of the snack products offered to the customers. Snack products are not produced by Morning Star Bakery. These products are sourced in large quantities from the supplier and stocked in inventories for later use. This fact causes a rise in customer dissatisfaction for provision of stale snacks. Hence, inventories related to snacks need to be ordered from the suppliers depending on customer requirements and must not have a shelf life of more than 2 weeks. It would, thus, contribute in reducing inventory cost as well as enabling customers to avail the fresh snack products. Morning Star operates as a bakery store based in Strathfield, New South Wales. It tends to operate as a long-term traditional hot bread bakery store that services the customers through on-site production and retailing. Operating as a bakery store for 35 years, Morning Star aims to serve its customer base with different kinds of product offerings related to beverage products such as, coffee and tea varieties, soft drinks, snacks, sausage roll, meat pies and also croissants. Along with regional customers, Morning Star also serves the student communities hailing from different Asian countries like, Korea, China, Indonesia and Malaysia. The business model of Morning Star tends to integrate both manufacturing and supply chain operations such that sausage rolls, meat pies and snack products are sourced from an experienced supplier company, Penrith. The mission of Morning Star concentrates upon generation of quality services and food products to the customers at affordable prices in order to help deliver adequate customer satisfaction. The company aims to produce the food products and deliver services in an ethical fashion such that the same enhances the parameter of reliability and trust of the different stakeholders like, employees, customers and other social

Act Four of the Crucible Essay Example for Free

Act Four of the Crucible Essay How does Miller present John Proctor as a heroic figure in Act Four of The Crucible? Does the play have any relevance for us watching it today?  A hero is a person who is admired for having done something very brave or having achieved something great according to www.dictionary.co.uk. I also think a hero is a person who doesnt necessarily have to be of a pure soul, who has never done anything wrong. For example, in The Crucible, a person like Rebecca Nurse who never did anything wrong wasnt portrayed as a hero to us. We see John Proctors actions as more heroic and they are similar to Linford Christies actions (where he was accused for taking drugs and now acts as a senior mentor for athletes) which a modern audience watching it today would see as a comparable, if a less serious, situation. Miller presents Proctor as a heroic figure in Act Four of The Crucible by John Proctors actions. These include John refusing to sign the document, which would save his life. However, at the same time it would mean he would lie and Proctor would rather die than sign a document, which condemned him to working with the devil. I feel this shows John as a hero because he has not only done something very brave by giving his life, which people will admire, but because he has struggled through and done the right thing which will ultimately lead to an end in the accusations of witchcraft in Salem. This part of the play deserves a lot of attention as it shows the greatest act of heroism in the play by Proctor. It also reflects the most relevance for an audience watching today, who would relate Johns example to their own lives. In the earlier acts of the play Miller shows John Proctor resisting temptation from Abigail. The reader sees this as heroic because we know that John has already had an affair and he doesnt want to cheat again. The reader also knows that it is hard for John Proctor and when he does resist Abagail the reader sees this as a heroic action. The way other characters respond to John Proctor also shows us that John is a hero. Miller shows other characters, for example Mary Warren, respecting him. The first time Miller introduces John into the play we see how other characters respect his authority. MARY WARREN leaps in fright. Mary was doing wrong and Proctor discovered her. The fact that we see her leaping in fright shows how she respects Johns authority. She admires him enough to feel ashamed of her wrong doing and a hero is someone who is admired by other people. In Act 4 Proctor knows he has made mistakes in the past and doesnt think that people will see him as a hero if he is hung. I cannot mount the gibbet like a saint. It is a fraud. By John saying this it shows he is not arrogant. The audience see arrogance as an unheroic action. John Proctor says he refuses to testify because he detests authority. It is hard to give a lie to dogs. Miller makes John refer to authority figures as dogs because they are hanging people for incorrect and false acusations. Proctor refuses to lie because he wants to stand up to a corrupt justice system. The audience sees this as a heroic action because he is prepared to sacrifice himself in order to abolish the justice system in the future. For John to give his life it is the biggest act of bravery a man can do and we see this bravery as a noble action. In this final act Miller suggests to us that John is performing actions with other people in mind rather than himself. If he confesses he wants to know if other people will be able to forgive him for lying. What would you have me do? Proctor is thinking about confessing and he does not want Elizabeth, or any other person, to think badly about him for lying. This is because he is feeling guilty. This guilt shows human emotions and the audience sees this as something they can relate to in their everyday life, because John is a person like us. However, John leads by example and, although he is human, he is a role model who always tries to do the right thing even if it is difficult and may have consequences for him. An earlier example of this is John attempting to save Elizabeth in court by confessing his act of adultery. I have known her, sir. This is what makes him heroic for the audience as he tries to do the right thing, for other people not just him, when it is sometimes difficult because of the resulting consequences. Another way in which we see John as heroic is because he physically tears up the confession slip. PROCTOR tears the paper and crumples it. This action by Proctor is heroic because he is trying to correct his mistakes. Proctor isnt perfect but he tries to make up for what he has done wrong in the past. Proctor doesnt want to return to his old ways of doing wrong as he felt contrite and ashamed of his affair with Abigail. The audience admires his attempt to correct his wrong doing and in doing so Miller gains the audiences respect for Proctor. Our admiration for Proctor makes us relate John to being a hero because by definition a hero is admired by other people because of their actions.

music and its effects on life :: essays research papers

The effects that music has on life are unimagineable. Music has been widely recommended as a technique to enhance the psychophysical state of participants in sport and exercise. However, there is scant scientific evidence to clarify its proposed benefits The purpose of this paper was to present the conceptual framework underlying the psychophysical effects of music, to discuss published findings since the review of Lucaccini and Kreit (1972), and to consider limitations in previous research. Certain generalizations about the effects of music emerge. First, it appears that synchronization of submaximal exercise with musical accompanimentresults in increased work output. Second, music apparently reduces the rate of perceived exertion during submaximal exercise. Third, music tends to enhance affective states at both medium and high levels of work intensity. However, the effect of asynchronous music in contributing to optimal arousal is unclear. Based on a review ofrelated literature, it was concluded that appropriately selected music can enhance enjoyment levels and adherence to physical activity.The psychophysical effects of music has become an area of increased interest amongst sports researchers during the last decade. Selected research has demonstrated that music has significant psychophysical benefits during physical activity (e.g., Boutcher & Trenske, 1990; Copeland & Franks, 1991; Lee, 1989). These studies have shown that li stening to music can produce ergogenic effects in terms of improved motor performance and increased aerobic endurance, and can also enhance the exercise experience. The proposed mechanisms through which music produces psychophysical benefits include lowered perceived effort, arousal control, improved affective states, and a synchronization effect. By contrast, however, other studies have shown that music has no psychophysical benefits (Patton, 1991; Schwartz, Fernhall, & Plowman, 1990). Studies which have examined the synchronization of movement with music have consistently shown an ergogenic effect (Anshel & Marisi, 1978; Michel & Wanner, 1973; Uppal & Datta, 1990). However, a greater number of studies which have examined the effects of asynchronous (background) music have produced equivocal findings in that some studies identified psychophysical effects (e.g., Boutcher & Trenske, 1990; Copeland & Franks, 1991), whereas other studies (e.g., Patton, 1991; Schwartz, Fernhall, & Plowman, 1990) showed no effects.

History of Psycology Essay

Before psychology there was philosophy. Descartes was around during the end of the Renaissance and in the era of revolutionary developments in science. Born in 1596 to a French lawyer, Descartes could understand more than most. When he was in his late 20’s, he resembled more of a scientist than a philosopher since he had studied physics, optics, geometry as well as physiology. The first to discover that lenses in one’s eyes are inverted by removing an ox’s eye, Descartes also believed in truth and was an active rationalist, meaning he believed the truth would emerge by careful use of reason and it became his modus operandi. This way to truth was also through the human capacity to reason. He created four rules he used to arrive at truth. He also was the best-known example of a dualist, giving way to accepting a clear partition between mind or soul and body. He believed that the body was like a well-oiled machine and the mind could have a direct influence on it. John Locke followed Descartes in 1632. He wanted to take epistemology, the study of human knowledge and obtaining it, to a more experimental based group of discipline. Locke spurned the idea of innate ideas, only â€Å"faculties†. Some ideas appeared so early in life that they used to believe they were innate but Locke declared that all of our knowledge was derived from experiences. Locke stated that the mind was like a white sheet of paper, blank but able to become something great. Experiences add to the paper by sensations and reflections. George Berkeley was another philosopher born in 1685. His work on vision was the first example of how empiricist thinking could be applied to the study of perception. Lastly there is David Hume. He built his knowledge around the base premise that all of our understanding is rooted in experience, or impressions vs.ideas. Impressions are basic sensations experienced daily such as feeling pain, seeing yellow or tasting saltiness. Ideas are faint copies of impressions but are not as vivid. Hume also offered three laws of association: resemblance, contiguity, and cause/effect. Resemblance meaning the look of one object can bring back memories or ideas of another item. Contiguity means intertwining two things together such as the smell of oranges and the west coast. The greatest of the laws is the law of cause/effect. If one idea causes another idea or memory, the cause reminds you of the effect i.e. burning your hand on the stove while making muffins. When seeing the scar, the memory of muffins will reappear. Hume also suggested that to conclude that A causes B, one must know 1. When A occurs, B must occur regularly, 2. A occurs before B, and 3. B doesn’t occur without being preceded by A. In the 19th century, psychology shifted from being philosophically based to being more scientific. Scientists and physiologists tried to show the world the reasons behind psychology were in fact based on the senses and the nervous system. One example is the Bell-Magendie law. Both Sir Charles Bell and Francois Magendie both were studying the roots of the postierior and anterior roots of the spinal cord and their functions. Bell was credited with the law because his research was published earlier, though limited, and Bell did not conduct an experiment like Magendie did on puppies. They discovered that the posterior roots control sensation where there is movement still but no sensation. Magendie then severed the anterior root in another animal and the limb was flaccid and unable to move though it still had sensation. To conclude, the science of psychology has always been a changing domain from philosophy to the sciences. It will continue to grow and develop as the world changes and shifts. Descartes started the ball rolling by studying optics and how to arrive at the truth with his four laws. Locke showed the world that it is nurture vs. nature that shapes a person. Hume gave us the three laws of association. In the 19th century psychology developed to include sciences. All of these philosophers and scientists shaped the psychology field to what it is today.

William Shakespeares Sonnet 18

William Shakespeares Sonnet 18 is part of a group of 126 sonnets Shakespeare wrote that are addressed to a young man of great beauty and promise. In this group of sonnets, the speaker urges the young man to marry and perpetuate his virtues through children, and warns him about the destructive power of time, age, and moral weakness. Sonnet 18 focuses on the beauty of the young man, and how beauty fades, but his beauty will not because it will be remembered by everyone who reads this poem. Shakespeare starts the poem with a metaphoric question in line one asking if e should compare the man to a summers day. This asks if he should compare the beauty of a summers day to the beauty of the young man about whom Shakespeare is writing. Line two of this poem states Thou art more lovely and more temperate. Temperate is used as a synonym for moderate by the author. In line two the speaker is describing the man as more lovely and more moderate than a summers day. This emphasizes the mans beauty and how the man is viewed by the speaker. Line three, Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, tells hy the mans beauty is greater than that of a summers day. Shakespeare uses rough winds to symbolize imperfections. The speaker is implying that there are no imperfections in the young man, but there are in the summer, so the man cannot be compared to a summers day. In line four the speaker adds to this thought by saying that the summer also does not last as long as the mans beauty therefore it cannot be compared to it. Line five states another imperfection of the summer. Shakespeare uses the eye of heaven as a metaphor in this line to describe the un. In line six Shakespeare uses the phrase gold complexion dimmed to describe the sun again which means that sometimes the sun is not hot enough, and that, as said in line five, sometimes the sun is too hot. In lines seven and eight the speaker ends the complication by describing how nature is never perfect. Line nine starts the resolution of the poem by using the conjunction but.. Eternal summer in line nine is referring back to the mans eternal beauty, using summer to symbolize beauty, and saying that the mans beauty will never fail like he summers beauty. In lines ten, eleven, and twelve the speaker says that the man, When in eternal lines to time thou growst (line 12) or when he grows old, will not lose possession of what is fair to him, and Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade (line 11) or he will not be poor in health and close to dying. Lines thirteen and fourteen say that as long as this poem is read, the mans beauty will never go away, because every time someone reads the poem they will be reminded of his beauty. This poem that Shakespeare wrote, in the octave, describes how all beauty fades except for the man about whom Shakespeare is writing. The octave also tells of how great the mans beauty is compared to everything else that is beautiful. In the sestet, the poem tells about how the mans beauty stays alive and out lives all other beauty. The poem is written in iambic pentameter. Shakespeare makes use of much symbolism and many other figurative devices in this poem that contribute and emphasize to the overall theme of the poem.

Abortion3 essays

Abortion3 essays Women must have access to safe abortion. No matter how any of us feel about embryos and fetuses and their "rights"...about women and sex and responsibility...about God's will, Karma, or the Bible...the fact still remains: Women have always used abortion as a last resort to prevent the birth of a child, and they always will, regardless of what the laws say or the rest of us think. But when abortion is illegal, it is unsafe and dangerous. Therefore, abortion must be legal, and it must be accessible too. Here are some reasons why legal abortion is necessary, taken from various sources available online and offline. Even if you disagree, take a look! Laws against abortion kill women. Making abortion illegal has little effect on the number of abortions, as history and present-day evidence from all over the world show. But illegal abortion is much more dangerous. In the 1930s, there was "an epidemic of criminal abortion" in the United States. The number of births dropped by about half, as women who refused to bring children into a depressed economy resorted to illegal abortion to end their pregnancies. As a result, about 2500 women died each year from abortion complications, accounting for nearly one in four maternal deaths.1 From 1950 to 1965 in the US, there were 200 to 250 abortion-related deaths reported each year, a number that is acknowledged to be lower than the true death count.2 But even using these statistics, and assuming that illegal abortion was two or three times as dangerous as legal abortion at that time, a simple calculation shows that there were at least 500,000 illegal abortions each year.3 It's not worth the death of one woman if that's what it would take to cut the number of abortions by 60%, let alone fifty or a hundred women. Thanks to changes in the law, today the mortality rate from legal abortion is almost zero, and abortion accounts for only 3% of maternal d ...

Organic Chemist Job Profile

Organic Chemist Job Profile This is an organic chemist job profile. Learn about what organic chemists do, where organic chemists work, what type of person enjoys organic chemistry  and what it takes to become an organic chemist. What Does an Organic Chemist Do? Organic chemists study molecules that contain carbon. They may characterize, synthesize or find applications for organic molecules. They perform calculations and chemical reactions to achieve their goals. Organic chemists typically work with advanced, computer-driven equipment as well as traditional chemistry lab equipment and chemicals. Where Organic Chemists Work Organic chemists put in a lot of time in the lab, but they also spend time reading scientific literature and writing about their work. Some organic chemists work on computers with modeling and simulation software. Organic chemists interact with colleagues and attend meetings. Some organic chemists have teaching and management responsibilities. An organic chemists work environment tends to be clean, well-lighted, safe and comfortable. Expect time at the lab bench and at a desk. Who Wants to Be an Organic Chemist? Organic chemists are detail-oriented problem solvers. If you want to be an organic chemist, you can expect to work in a team and to need to communicate complex chemistry to people in other areas. Its important to have good oral and written communication skills. Organic chemists often lead teams or organize research strategies, so leadership skills and independence are helpful, too. Organic Chemist Job Outlook Presently organic chemists face a strong job outlook. Most organic chemist positions are in industry. Organic chemists are in demand by companies that produce pharmaceuticals, consumer products, and many other goods. There are teaching opportunities for Ph.D. organic chemists at some colleges and universities, but these tend to be highly competitive. A smaller numbers of teaching and research opportunities exist for organic chemists with masters degrees at some two and four-year colleges.

Visit the Jurassic Quest Exhibit and Report of geology Essay

Visit the Jurassic Quest Exhibit and Report of geology - Essay Example Some of the dinosaurs in the exhibit seem a life with sounds and movement. These are labelled moving Dinosaurs. By the touch of a button one is able to control the movement of a variety of the animatronics dinosaurs (Andrew, 68). Such event makes visitors happy due to the fact that they allow them to learn while controlling their movement, the breathing and more produce sound such as roaring. More interesting one can control their heads, arms, and tails as it comprises of different buttons that match to different body parts. I realized that no matter the age was fun not found in museums. Alongside animatronics dinosaurs that have movement capability, there is static one that is at a standstill. These are labelled Museum quality dinosaurs. These static dinosaur replicas are of museum quality which is automatically balanced to depict the palaeontologist recognized findings. These dinosaurs are well positioned in the exhibit so that people are able to touch and feel them. This activity is highly supported as it is what brought about the different discoveries on dinosaurs. In addition to the exhibition part, is a realistic scene shown by the use of digital screens. This assists in the learning of different features of the dinosaurs. Every scene stands for dinosaurs from a given time period that best shows when the dinosaur was in existence. One gets involved into the scenes by the use of sounds, sight, and motion by use of extraordinary sounds effects, lighting, animatronics and fog. In it an environment, taking one back when dinosaurs were in existence is exhibited with backdrops, rocks, flooring and plant materials. There were different dinosaur exhibits available for viewing. These included Gigantoraptor, Sinosauropteryx and T.rex juvenile, Eoraptor a bird like creature, Jobaria a 22 meters long necked plant eater, a seven meter plant eater